Signs of a Ruptured Ovarian Cyst

The ovaries are responsible for producing eggs and releasing hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone, which play key roles in a woman’s menstrual cycle, reproduction and overall hormonal balance. At times, fluid-filled sacs can form within or on the surface of the ovaries, leading to ovarian cysts. Most ovarian cysts are generally harmless and clear up on their own without any intervention. However, some cysts may grow or even rupture.

What Are the Signs of a Ruptured Ovarian Cyst?

An ovarian cyst rupture is usually accompanied by the following warning signs:

• Pain: One of the common indicators of an ovarian cyst rupture is a sudden, sharp pain in the lower abdomen or back region.
• Bleeding: A ruptured ovarian cyst may trigger vaginal bleeding, which may vary from light spotting to heavy bleeding.
• Heaviness or Fullness in the Pelvis: Sometimes, ruptured ovarian cysts can lead to a feeling of heaviness or fullness in the pelvis caused by cystic fluid settling within the pelvic cavity.

In addition to the signs mentioned above, a ruptured cyst may cause nausea, vomiting, fever, weakness, light-headedness, and pelvic tenderness.

What Causes a Ruptured Ovarian Cyst?

The exact cause of ruptured ovarian cysts remains unknown, but some factors may increase its risk of developing. These include:

• Pressure from strenuous physical activity
• History of ovarian cysts or previous ruptured cysts
• Larger cyst sizes
• Physical trauma to the pelvic region or abdomen

How Is a Ruptured Ovarian Cyst Diagnosed?

Confirming the presence of ruptured ovarian cysts sometimes involves ruling out other possible conditions with similar symptoms. Common tests include:

• Ultrasound: To assess the characteristics of a ruptured cyst, including its size, location, and nature, a doctor typically uses either a transvaginal or abdominal ultrasound probe.
• CT Scan: This test provides views of the ovaries and surrounding structures, particularly if the ultrasound findings are inconclusive or if other complications are suspected.
• Blood Test: This will check for low iron levels in the blood (anaemia) as well as signs of infection and malignancy (cancer).
• Urine Analysis: In some cases, a urine test is used to examine the presence of protein in the urine and investigate other possible causes of pain.
• Laparoscopy: When a complex ruptured cyst is suspected, a doctor may perform a laparoscopy. This minimally invasive procedure involves inserting a specialised camera through a small incision in the abdominal wall to directly visualise the ovaries for cysts and potential ruptures.

Complications of a Ruptured Ovarian Cyst

A ruptured ovarian cyst must be promptly treated or complications may develop. These include:

• Internal Bleeding: Severe rupture may cause significant bleeding into the abdominal cavity
• Infection: If the cyst is infected, rupture can spread the infection to surrounding tissues
• Severe Pain: Sudden and intense pelvic or abdominal pain can occur
• Adhesions or Scarring: Chronic ruptures or inflammation may lead to scar tissue formation
• Torsion Risk: If associated with ovarian torsion, blood supply to the ovary may be compromised

How Are Ruptured Ovarian Cysts Treated?

For ruptured ovarian cysts without complications, the doctor may prescribe pain medications to help manage the pain and discomfort. The cyst will also be looked at with an ultrasound imaging test.

However, if the ruptured cyst has caused more severe symptoms such as significant pain and bleeding, hospitalisation may then be needed for intravenous pain medications to be given as well as fluids and blood replacement.

In some cases, laparoscopic surgery may be needed to control the bleeding and remove the cyst or, in more severe cases, the entire ovary.

Knowing the signs of an ovarian cyst rupture is key for prompt detection and treatment. For a consultation with our ovarian cyst specialist, please contact us at 6733 8810.